اكاديمية العلوم science academy

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https://youtube.com/shorts/-yx2UXiKIeA?feature=shareWe are an academic team First time we share We are happy with this experience due to the young age of our team, we learned how to participate, research and be one team We saw the universe with different eyes And different information, thank you, people You gave us the opportunity to participate and research

Climate change and environmental and agricultural awareness 

•The greenhouse effect is essential to life on Earth, but human-made emissions in the atmosphere are trapping and slowing heat loss to space.

•Five key greenhouse gases are CO2, nitrous oxide, methane, chlorofluorocarbons, and water vapor.

•While the Sun has played a role in past climate changes, the evidence shows the current warming cannot be explained by the Sun. 

Increasing Greenhouses Gases Are Warming the Planet

•Scientists attribute the global warming trend observed since the mid-20th century to the human expansion of the "greenhouse effect" — warming those results when the atmosphere traps heat radiating from Earth toward space.

•Life on Earth depends on energy coming from the Sun. About half the light energy reaching Earth's atmosphere passes through the air and clouds to the surface, where it is absorbed and radiated in the form of infrared heat. About 90% of this heat is then absorbed by greenhouse gases and re-radiated, slowing heat loss to space.

Four Major Gases That Contribute to the Greenhouse Effect: 

•FORCING: Something acting upon Earth's climate that forces a change in how energy flows through it (such as long-lasting, heat-trapping gases - also known as greenhouse gases). These gases slow outgoing heat in the atmosphere and cause the planet to warm. 

1)Carbon Dioxide

•A very important component of the atmosphere, carbon dioxide (CO2) is released through natural processes (like volcanic eruptions) and through human activities, like burning fossil fuels and deforestation. Human activities have increased the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere by 50% since the Industrial Revolution began (1750). This sharp rise in CO2 is the most important climate change driver over the last century. 

2)Methane

•Like many atmospheric gases, methane comes from both natural and human-caused sources. Methane comes from plant-matter breakdown in wetlands and is also released from landfills and rice farming. Livestock animals emit methane from their digestion and manure. Leaks from fossil fuel production and transportation are another major source of methane, and natural gas is 70% to 90% methane. As a single molecule, methane is a far more effective greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide but is much less common in the atmosphere. The amount of methane in our atmosphere has more than doubled since pre-industrial times. 

3)Nitrous Oxide

•A potent greenhouse gas produced by farming practices, nitrous oxide is released during commercial and organic fertilizer production and use. Nitrous oxide also comes from burning fossil fuels and burning vegetation and has increased by 18% in the last 100 years.

4)Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)

•These chemical compounds do not exist in nature – they are entirely of industrial origin. They were used as refrigerants, solvents (a substance that dissolves others), and spray-can propellants. An international agreement, known as the Montreal Protocol, now regulates CFCs because they damage the ozone layer. Despite this, emissions of some types of CFCs spiked for about five years due to violations of the international agreement. Once members of the agreement called for immediate action and better enforcement, emissions dropped sharply starting in 2018. 

Another Gas That Contributes to the Greenhouse Effect: 

•FEEDBACKS: Gases such as water vapor, which respond physically or chemically to changes in temperature, are called "feedbacks."

Water Vapor

•Water vapor is the most abundant greenhouse gas, but because the warming ocean increases the amount of it in our atmosphere, it is not a direct cause of climate change. Rather, as other forcing (like carbon dioxide) change global temperatures, water vapor in the atmosphere responds, amplifying climate change already in motion. Water vapor increases as Earth's climate warms. Clouds and precipitation (rain or snow) also respond to temperature changes and can be important feedback mechanisms as well.

Human Activity Is the Cause of Increased Greenhouse Gas Concentrations

•Over the last century, burning of fossil fuels like coal and oil has increased the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2). This increase happens because the coal or oil burning process combines carbon with oxygen in the air to make CO2. To a lesser extent, clearing of land for agriculture, industry, and other human activities has increased concentrations of greenhouse gases.

The industrial activities that our modern civilization depends upon have raised atmospheric carbon dioxide levels by nearly 50% since 1750. This increase is due to human activities, because scientists can see a distinctive isotopic fingerprint in the atmosphere. 

In its Sixth Assessment Report, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, composed of scientific experts from countries all over the world, concluded that it is unequivocal that the increase of CO2, methane, and nitrous oxide in the atmosphere over the industrial era is the result of human activities and that human influence is the principal driver of many changes observed across the atmosphere, ocean, cryosphere and biosphere.  

Climate Change Impacts on Egypt 

Despite the very low GHG emissions (0.6%), Egypt is one of the highly vulnerable countries to climate change and the most vulnerable one in the Mediterranean region. 

Adverse Impacts of Climate Change on Egypt 

•Sea level Rise: in the North Coast and the Delta.

•Decrease in Crop Productivity.  

•Desertification: Including North West coastal areas and Northern areas of Sinai, the fertile land of Upper Egypt, the Delta, Oases of the Western Desert and Southern Remote Desert Areas.  

•Unexpected changes in water inflow due to the change in the rain pattern, 

• Deficit of water resources

• Deterioration of Biodiversity 

•Coral reefs bleaching

• Affecting tourism & tourist areas

• Public Health will be affected  

Climate change threatens Egyptian food security 

Scientific studies confirm that the rise and fall in temperatures, the decrease in water availability and the expected rainfall as a result of climatic changes, will reduce the net productivity of agricultural crops, and will cause an increase in pests and plant diseases. 

Ahmed Farid Ammar, a farmer from Wadi al-Natrun, does not forget the days when the mango crop he has been cultivating for years was exposed to severe heat waves. "I was standing idly by, facing this danger that completely destroyed the crop." "Ammar" has been interested in agriculture for many years, but in recent seasons he has been exposed to many crises, which he described as a "setback"; Due to the climatic changes witnessed in the recent agricultural seasons, between severe frost waves and more severe heat waves, according to what was mentioned.

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Low production of mango cultivations in Wadi El-Natrun of the Keet variety

“Mango” is among the crops whose productivity has been affected by heat waves and frost, according to “Ammar,” who grows 15 feddans of mango in the village of “Bani Salama” in the Al-Ahram Association in Wadi Al-Natroun in Beheira Governorate, adding that this area is expected to reduce its productivity by a range of Between 60% and 75%, especially in the cultivar "Kit" sensitive to climate change. The mango crop is one of the crops that contribute significantly to supporting the Egyptian economy through exports. According to an official statistic - we obtained a copy of it - issued by the Central Administration of Agricultural Quarantine at the Ministry of Agriculture; Egypt exported 40,669 tons abroad during 2018. 

Also, "strawberry" is among the crops whose productivity has been affected by heat waves and frost as well, according to what "farmers" in the Tahrir and Kom Hamada districts in the Beheira governorate said. The strawberry crop is one of the crops that contribute significantly to supporting the Egyptian economy. 

All these studies confirm the existence of the effects of climate change on agricultural production and Egyptian food security, which is what many parties in Egypt are interested in, including the Agricultural Meteorological Research Unit of the Land, Water and Environment Research Institute, the Central Laboratory for Agricultural Climate, the Climate Change Information Center and Renewable Energy.

"Hashem" confirms that the Ministry of Agriculture - through its research centers and laboratories - is working to develop new varieties that can withstand high temperatures, salinity and drought, conditions that will prevail under the conditions of climatic changes.  

It is worth noting that farmers are now changing the irrigation system using fossil fuels to irrigation using solar energy, although the main goal for them is the cost, but the important thing is the benefit that accrues to everyone from reducing the gases resulting from the use of fossil fuels, and thus reducing the risks of climate change. We must also spread a culture Environmental awareness among farmers and the danger of excessive use of pesticides as well

References 

1.1.https://climate.nasa.gov/causes/ 

2.https://www.scientificamerican.com/arabic/articles/news/climate-change-threatens-egyptian-food-security/

3.IPCC Fifth Assessment Report, 2014

United States Global Change Research Program, "Global Climate Change Impacts in the United States," Cambridge University Press, 2009

Naomi Oreskes, "The Scientific Consensus on Climate Change," Science 3 December 2004: Vol. 306 no. 5702 p. 1686 DOI: 10.1126/science.1103618

4.Friedlingstein et al 2021: “The mass of carbon in the atmosphere increased by 48% from 590 GtC in 1750 to 876 GtC in 2020.” https://essd.copernicus.org/preprints/essd-2021-386/

5.U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: "Climate Impacts on Agriculture and Food Supply"

6.Mike Lockwood, “Solar Change and Climate: an update in the light of the current exceptional solar minimum,” Proceedings of the Royal Society A, 2 December 2009, doi 10.1098/rspa.2009.0519;

Judith Lean, “Cycles and trends in solar irradiance and climate,” Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, vol. 1, January/February 2010, 111-122. 

5. The Arab Republic of Egypt, Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency Climate Change Central Department (ccu@eeaa.gov.eg ,www.eeaa.gov.eg )Climate change and environmental and agricultural awareness 

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References 1.1.https://climate.nasa.gov/causes/ 2.https://www.scientificamerican.com/arabic/articles/news/climate-change-threatens-egyptian-food-security/3.IPCC Fifth Assessment Report, 2014United States Global Change Research Program, "Global Climate Change Impacts in the United States," Cambridge University Press, 2009Naomi Oreskes, "The Scientific Consensus on Climate Change," Science 3 December 2004: Vol. 306 no. 5702 p. 1686 DOI: 10.1126/science.11036184.Friedlingstein et al 2021: “The mass of carbon in the atmosphere increased by 48% from 590 GtC in 1750 to 876 GtC in 2020.” https://essd.copernicus.org/preprints/essd-2021-386/5.U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: "Climate Impacts on Agriculture and Food Supply"6.Mike Lockwood, “Solar Change and Climate: an update in the light of the current exceptional solar minimum,” Proceedings of the Royal Society A, 2 December 2009, doi 10.1098/rspa.2009.0519;Judith Lean, “Cycles and trends in solar irradiance and climate,” Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, vol. 1, January/February 2010, 111-122. 5. The Arab Republic of Egypt, Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency Climate Change Central Department (ccu@eeaa.gov.eg ,www.eeaa.gov.eg )

We are an academic team

First time we share

We are happy with this experience due to the young age of our team, we learned how to participate, research and be one team

We saw the universe with different eyes

And different information, thank you, Nasa

You gave us the opportunity to participate

References 1.1.https://climate.nasa.gov/causes/ 2.https://www.scientificamerican.com/arabic/articles/news/climate-change-threatens-egyptian-food-security/3.IPCC Fifth Assessment Report, 2014United States Global Change Research Program, "Global Climate Change Impacts in the United States," Cambridge University Press, 2009Naomi Oreskes, "The Scientific Consensus on Climate Change," Science 3 December 2004: Vol. 306 no. 5702 p. 1686 DOI: 10.1126/science.11036184.Friedlingstein et al 2021: “The mass of carbon in the atmosphere increased by 48% from 590 GtC in 1750 to 876 GtC in 2020.” https://essd.copernicus.org/preprints/essd-2021-386/5.U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: "Climate Impacts on Agriculture and Food Supply"6.Mike Lockwood, “Solar Change and Climate: an update in the light of the current exceptional solar minimum,” Proceedings of the Royal Society A, 2 December 2009, doi 10.1098/rspa.2009.0519;Judith Lean, “Cycles and trends in solar irradiance and climate,” Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, vol. 1, January/February 2010, 111-122. 5. The Arab Republic of Egypt, Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency Climate Change Central Department (ccu@eeaa.gov.eg ,www.eeaa.gov.eg )

Awareness of climate, agricultural and environmental change