Coyolxauhqui

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The main objective of this project was to built two different energy storage systems in order to possess primary, secondary, and backup energy sources.

Venus' environment, and surface conditions require the development of an energy system supplied by these extreme conditions such as: high rate winds, and solar radiation. It will allow the battery storage to last at least 60 days, using materials with:

• high operation temperature
• that resist high pressures
• corrosive environment

The primary system consists of a turbine that will take advantage of the wind on the surface to produce energy.

To store the energy, a fluid must be heated in a copper piping system.

The best fluid considering the high pressures and temperatures on Venus is iodine. On earth, at one atmosphere of pressure, the boiling temperature of iodine is 182.8 °C, using the clausius-clapeyron equation.

Therefore, it is only necessary to heat the iodine a few degrees. 

When the iodine reaches its boiling point, the gas accumulates and due to the piping system and based on the principle of Cheeng's cycle, the gas will start to take more and more pressure and gain speed. When it gets into the generator, the movement produces electrical energy. Once it passes through that part, it goes to the cooling system. This allows the entry of atmospheric air, mostly consisting of carbon dioxide, which comes in contact with the system but does not form part of it. Similar to what happens in a nuclear power plant, thanks to the heat transfer the iodine returns to its original state. At this point a pump helps the gas to complete the cycle and it repeats indefinitely.

The cooling system consists of a copper pipe that surrounds part of the primary system and is supported by a pump for proper operation. Its principle of operation is based on heat transfer, since the air in the atmosphere of Venus is at a lower temperature than the iodine gas.

The turbine will be made of Hastelloy X, a material with properties suitable for the atmosphere of Venus, due to its resistance to acid, high temperatures and corrosion.

Due to the solar storms that are very common on the planet, it is necessary to protect the generator coil.A quartz coating will be used for this purpose. The properties of quartz start to be reduced at 1650°C.

The efficiency of these systems has been reported between 59 and 93%. Moreover, the efficiency decreases proportionally to the increase in fluid volume. For the relatively small volume to be worked, the expected efficiency ranges from 80 to 93%. In case of an unexpected excess of wind, the system would not be compromised because the amount of fluid is finite.

In order to initiate the system, we propose a secondary system based on photovoltaic cells made of aluminium gallium arsenide. The selection of this material is because when we add alluminium to GaAs, we get something called Aluminum gallium arsenide (AlGaAs), which has a limit of ~800°C, and it increases the bandgap energy, remembering that the temperature surface of Venus is 747 K. The addition of this system is to power the main system at the beginning of the mission.It is necessary that the rover is set in a solar spot, so the solar energy turns on the pumps set in the turbine, and it may begin to work. It will keep working as long as the light sun is available, but also it will be able to store energy if necessary.  As we said, the use of this kind of energy system it's not preferable, but with the proposal of this material, we intended a normal functioning by adding a quartz coating to provide extra protection, choosing this material because it does not interfere at the radiation absorption, therefore, it does not affect the photovoltaic cell, and it has a melting point of 1923.15 K. 

NASA has provided us with several tools for the development of the project. In our opinion, the best thing about this, is that the information is sometimes collected by people from all over the world and is freely available. It is knowledge of all and for all, which helps us to unite us as a community, now that we need it more than ever.

Participating for the first time in NASA space apps 2022 was a very grateful experience because I could join my team and synergize in a way that our minds were one. It was a very chellenging and excitement experience, we enjoyed the team work, the idea shearing, and the way that we faced the problematics that surged.

This experience has helped us to put into practice the knowledge we have acquired. It allowed us to work as a team but at the same time in collaboration with other teams and advisors creating new friends and future contacts. A unique experience and one that more people should have the opportunity to live.

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[9] Qi H, Gui N, Yang X, Tu J, Jiang S. The application of supercritical CO2 in nuclear engineering: A review. The Journal of Computational Multiphase Flows. 2018;10(4):149-158. doi:10.1177/1757482X18765377

[10] Ke, Wang. (2016). Graphene-based materials for supercapacitor electrodes – A review. Journal of Materiomics. Volume 2, Pages 37-54

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