NASA AIRBORNE

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NEED OF AIRBORNE DATA:

The dispersed nature of existing NASA airborne and field data requires one central location for data discovery with an interface designed to meet the needs of airborne data users. Different types of users may want to access the information contained in the inventory in different ways. The ADMG recently distributed a survey to discover potential usage of this valuable tool. Results showed that users most want to locate needed airborne data using campaign name, location, time frame, variable, and aircraft. Flight track data search and lists of relevant scientific publications were also identified as being important. The survey helped to focus inventory development plans. Not all desired queries will be possible, however. For instance, the inventory will not be able to answer questions such as “Which of these measurements of the same quantity, which occurred at the same time and place but do not agree, is the most correct?” as the inventory will contain metadata, but will not consist of quality.

USE OF AIRBORNE:

Users of the inventory will be able to access details of existing, past, and upcoming investigations involving aircraft instruments. Users will be able to obtain campaign descriptions, to search for NASA airborne and field data using multiple parameters, to identify needed data in space and/or time constraints, to access published data products, and more. A user interface will allow queries that will lead to summary pages we call “landing pages” full of campaign information and links to data products. Campaigns

Airborne Data Link Communication System:

Airborne Data Link. -e terminal of the wireless data link, no matter it is a source or a host, is equivalent to a microcomputer, which has the ability to process information independently and can complete the modulation and demodulation function of transmitting the information. Moreover, according to the specified communication protocol, the demodulated information can be processed by group frames, and the true meaning of information transmission can be read out to achieve the purpose of communication [11]. On the other hand, the terminal equipment can also modulate the information to be expressed according to the communication protocol and then transmit it in the channel to complete the information feedback. As for the transmission channel of wireless data link, it covers a wider range, including not only transmission media but also some other devices, such as antenna [12]. In the data link communication system of a small unmanned helicopter [13], when the information load between UAV and ground station is too large, the throughput of the network will decrease, resulting in congestion.

baseband shaped by a baseband shaping filter. At the same time, to achieve the transmission purpose of no intersymbol interference, a matching filter is added at the receiving end [28]. -e receiver sends the received data into the matched filter and uses the matched filtered data for frame synchronization. -e frame synchronization information is divided into two parts. -e training sequence pilot head is used to complete channel estimation. -e data segment and the output of the channel estimation module are used to realize channel equalization. -e output data of the equalizer is demodulated and decoded by fountain code multiuser likelihood ratio iterative detection, and finally, the received data can be obtained [29, 30].

AIRBORNE DATA FROM ONE OF THE NASA CAMPAIGNS:

DELTA-X:

Marc Simard, Delta-X principal investigator (PI), heads to the Mississippi River Delta and collects measurements with the science team. This was during the 2016 Pre-Delta-X demonstration campaign.

The NASA Delta-X Mission combines airborne imaging and in situ field measurements to calibrate hydrodynamic, sediment transport and ecological models. Delta-X conducted two airborne campaigns with 3 remote sensing instruments: UAVSAR, AirSWOT and AVIRIS-NG. The science team conducted Pre-Delta-X campaigns over the Mississippi River Delta in 2015 and 2016 to demonstrate the capabilities of the airborne measurements. The unique advantage of airborne remote sensing instruments is their ability to quickly repeat measurements.

UAVSAR and AirSWOT are radars that measure surface hydrology (water surface elevation and change) and AVIRIS-NG is an imaging spectrometer. The spectral images are used to determine the amount of sediment in water and the structure of wetland vegetation. In the Spring and Fall 2021 campaigns, these 3 sensors collected data near-simultaneously over the Atchafalaya and Terrebonne basins. In the case of Delta-X, radars repeated measurements of water surface elevation several times as tides came in and out of the channels and wetlands. The two campaigns were scheduled to capture different flood stages during the high Mississippi river discharge (Spring 2021) and low river discharge (Fall 2021) to document the change in inundation extent, flow velocity, sediment transport rates, and vegetation status with river stage. The flights were coordinated with in situ field measurements to calibrate and validate remote sensing measurements as well as models. This time-series of measurements are being used to develop new data assimilation methods and calibrate hydrodynamic and sediment transport models. In addition, sediment accretion rates are measured every 6 months starting from Fall 2019 through the last validation campaign in the Fall of 2023.

 FIREX-AQ:

Fire Influence on Regional to Global Environments Experiment - Air Quality

Fire emissions in the US are approximately half from Northwestern wildfires and half from prescribed fires that burn mostly in the Southeast US. Wildfires burn slightly more fuel and therefore have overall larger emissions, but prescribed fires dominate the area burned and the number of fires. FIREX-AQ will investigate both wild and prescribed fires. Wildfires generally result in exposures with larger pollution concentrations over larger areas, and cause both local and regional air quality impacts. Their emissions are often transported thousands of miles and can impact large regions of the US at a time (Figure 3). Prescribed fires are usually smaller and less intense than most wildfires but occur more frequently and throughout the whole year. They are usually ignited during periods that minimize population expose and air quality impacts, but can cause regional backgrounds to increase, are generally in closer proximity to populations, and are responsible for a large fraction of the US PM2.5 emissions. To date agricultural fire outputs are still poorly represented in emission inventories. The overarching objective of FIREX-AQ is to provide measurements of trace gas and aerosol emissions for wildfires and prescribed fires in great detail, relate them to fuel and fire conditions at the point of emission, characterize the conditions relating to plume rise, follow plumes downwind to understand chemical transformation and air quality impacts, and assess the efficacy of satellite detections for estimating the emissions from sampled fires.

NAAMES:

NAAMES, or the North Atlantic Aerosols and Marine Ecosystems Study, is a five-year NASA-funded study that aims to define that relationship better.

NAAMES began in January 2015, and includes four separate ship-aircraft deployments that target specific phases in the annual cycle of the North Atlantic, home to the world’s largest plankton bloom, which stretches from North America across the Atlantic to Europe.

NAAMES is the first NASA Earth Venture-Suborbital mission focused on studying the coupled ocean ecosystem and atmosphere using ships and aircraft simultaneously. Plankton ecosystems of the global ocean profoundly affect climate and life on Earth. NASA's ocean color satellite record tells us that these invaluable ecosystems are highly responsive to climate variability, with changes in ocean plankton production impacting food (e.g., fish), uptake of atmospheric carbon dioxide by the ocean, and ocean emission of climate-regulating aerosols.

During the field campaign, NASA satellites provide a larger view of ocean processes. In fact, satellite data caused NAAMES ocean and atmospheric scientists to question current thinking on what forces control plankton blooms and how those factors could impact the atmosphere and the climate.

“Satellite data can be used to calculate the total photosynthesis that goes on in the ocean every year,” said Mike Behrenfeld, NAAMES principal investigator. “It’s essentially equivalent to the total photosynthesis that’s happening on land.”

The interdisciplinary ocean and atmospheric science questions of NAAMES parallel those of upcoming NASA satellite missions, such as PACE (Pre-Aerosol, Clouds, and ocean Ecosystem). Comparisons of ship-based measurements to the airborne measurements also provide valuable information for scientists to develop and test analytical tools to use with these future satellite data.

ABoVE:

The Arctic-Boreal Vulnerability Experiment (ABoVE) is a NASA Terrestrial Ecology Program field campaign that will be conducted in Alaska and Western Canada (see Study Domain). ABoVE is a large-scale study of environmental change and its implications for social-ecological systems.

ABoVE’s science objectives are broadly focused on (1) gaining a better understanding of the vulnerability and resilience of Arctic and boreal ecosystems to environmental change in western North America, and (2) providing the scientific basis for informed decision-making to guide societal responses at local to international levels. Research for ABoVE will link field-based, process-level studies with geospatial data products derived from airborne and satellite sensors, providing a foundation for improving the analysis, and modeling capabilities needed to understand and predict ecosystem responses and societal implications.

OLYMPEX:

The Olympic Mountain Experiment, or OLYMPEX, was a NASA-led field campaign, which took place on the Olympic Peninsula of Washington State from November 2015 through February 2016. The goal of the campaign was to collect detailed atmospheric measurements that will be used to evaluate how well rain-observing satellites measure rainfall and snowfall from space. In particular, OLYMPEX assessed satellite measurements made by the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission Core Observatory, a joint mission by NASA and the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), which launched in 2014.

GOOD AND LEARNED A LOT

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